== In microsomes (50 g) of control (CTR) cells and cells treated for 24 h with Lisosan G or Lisosan G+H2O2. genes and has the potential to inhibit the translocation of NF-kB into the nucleus. == Introduction == Humans are constantly exposed to factors causing oxidative stress including pollutants, radiation and oxidized food[1]. Oxidative stress, defined as a loss of balance between the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species and the cell’s antioxidant capacity, is implicated in the onset of various diseases[2]. The human body has several endogenous systems[3]with which it can protect itself against oxidative stress, but antioxidant factors acquired from food also play a key role. Indeed, certain micronutrients obtained from food have potent antioxidant properties and may play an important role in maintaining the oxidative/antioxidative balance, especially if the diet is rich in these constituents[4]. In recent years, a variety of vegetables that contain antioxidants potentially capable of preventing oxidative stress reactions, such as those mediated by the formation of free radical species have been studied. SCH 50911 Tomatoes, spinach, green peppers and cabbage are important sources of vitamin C.In vivo, this vitamin acts as scavenger of oxygen radicals and also as competitive inhibitor of nitrosamine synthesis from nitrite and aminesin vivo[5]. Isothiocyanates are a family of molecules which are abundant in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, watercress and cauliflower. Sulforaphane, the best known isothiocyanate, induces drug metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase A1/2 isoforms and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in primary hepatocytes[6]. Whole grains are good source of B group vitamins, vitamin E, some minerals IL17RA (zinc, magnesium and phosphorous), and they contain a variety of phytochemicals such as phytoestrogens, phytate, proteins, polysaccharides, phenols and lignans that are able to minimize oxydive damage[7]. All these components may act synergically[8]. By contrast, refined grains have a reduced nutrient content as the milling process results in the loss of dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals, lignans, phytoestrogens, phenolic compounds and phytic acid[9]. Many wheat proteins contain reduced sulfhydryl groups, which can have some free radical scavenging activity. Phytic acid can protect tissues against oxidative reactions by sequestering and inactivating pro-oxidative transition metals[3]. In epidemiological studies, whole grain consumption is associated with improvements in body mass index (BMI)[10]and insulin sensitivity[11]as well as with lower incidences of type 2 diabetes[12], cardiovascular diseases[13], and SCH 50911 colorectal cancer[14]. Little is known about how cereals effect cells and to our knowledge, no research has yet been done on the antioxidant properties of whole grain products in primary hepatocytes. Several studies have shown that some phytochemicals can modulate antioxidant and phase II enzymes through the activation of nuclear factor E2-related protein (Nrf2)[15]. Nrf2 is a basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that under basal conditions, is present in an inactive form in the cytoplasm, bound to the Kelch-like ECH- associated protein 1 (Keap1)[16]. Various agents including Antioxidant Response Element (ROS) and weak electrophiles (e.g. isothiocyanates) can alter the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex and free Nrf2 through phosphorilation or alkylation of one or more of the 27 cysteine residues in Keap1[17]. When this occurs, Nrf2 translocates SCH 50911 into the nucleus. Upon activation, Nrf2 dimerizes with a small Maf protein then binds to antioxidant responsive element (ARE) sites in the promoter regions of antioxidant and phase II genes, thereby inducing their transcription[18]. In recent years, many authors have suggested the existence of cross-talk between Nrf2/ARE and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathways in response to inflammation[19][21]. The Nrf2 and NF-kB signaling pathways interface at several points to control the transcription or function of downstream target proteins[22]. In addition, ROS now appear to act as second messengers in numerous signaling pathways[23][24]. One signaling pathway that engages in cross-talk with ROS involves NF-kB family transcription factors[25][27]. It had already been shown twenty years ago by Schreck and coworkers[28]that oxidative stresses, such as addition of extracellular hydrogen peroxide, can induced NF-kB nuclear translocation.